This was the state of things in the niger delta till umar. The amnesty is now six years since it implementation however, this study seeks to capture the impact and challenges of the amnesty programme in post conflict niger delta region. The policy provided presidential pardon for all militants who renounce violence and surrender to government forces within 60 days of the amnesty proclamation. An appraisal learnt to walk as the elections were adjudged by both domestic and inter national observers as generally free. The federal governments amnesty programme in the niger delta. The nigerian military is a traditionally trained force that struggles with counterinsurgency operations. Afr 440172009 amnesty international june 2009 7 section i 1. However, the relative security brought about by the amnesty program has been eroded. Edo finetunes strategies for sustainable oil palm sector, revamp of forest belt the edo state government has said that it is strengthening partnerships to engender a sustainable oil palm sector and safeguard its forest belt so. An amnesty offered to militants in the niger delta in 2009 was intended to end fighting, oil theft and other disruption in the region. Combine multiple pdf files into one pdf, try foxit pdf merge tool online free and easy to use. Negligence in the niger delta amnesty international. Since the latest escalation of violence began in early 2006, hundreds of people have been killed in clashes between rival armed groups vying for illicit patronage doled out by corrupt. The qualitative and quantitative method sampling procedure was used for this study.
The post amnesty programme and sustainable peacebuilding 6 background and context nigerias niger delta, measuring about 70,000 km. The oil company operating in ogoniland was the shell petroleum development company. They took part in decode oil spills, a groundbreaking online project for crowdsourcing research. The amnesty deal is a desperate effort by the nigerian state to end the niger delta crisis, and thereby restore some dignity and pride to itself. Amnesty international has asked shell to provide information regarding any maintenance of pipelines and infrastructure in bodo, but shell did not respond on this point.
Short of a policing or military or paramilitary defence of the pipelines, it is my judgment that the protection requirement within section 115b involves a general shielding and caring obligation. Merge pdf online combine pdf files for free foxit software. The amnesty is now six years since it implementation however, this study seeks to capture the impact and challenges of the amnesty. The amnesty officially resulted in the demobilisation of 30,000 militants, paying them allowances and providing training for a smaller number. Since 2014 eni has reported 820 spills in the niger delta, with 26,286 barrels or 4. The challenges of transitioning from peace settlements to longterm peace benjamin a.
Afr 440172009 6 research for this report this report is based on fieldwork carried out in the niger delta in march and april 2008, as well as desk research and followup research from london between may 2008 and may 2009. Petroleum, pollution and poverty in the niger delta index. Niger delta february 10th, 2017 james ibori plots next move james ibori reputedly wielded influence in his native nigeria even from his british prison cell. The current conflict in the niger delta first arose in the early 1990s over tensions between foreign oil corporations and a number of the niger delta s minority ethnic groups who feel they are being exploited, particularly the ogoni and the ijaw. The amnesty period will terminate in early october, unless it is extended. Niger delta volunteer force ndvf and ateke tom of the niger delta vigilantes, retaliated with violence. The region stands in a geostrategic location on the shores of the gulf.
A groundbreaking research project by amnesty international has exposed evidence of serious negligence by oil giants shell and eni, whose irresponsible approach to oil spills in the niger delta is exacerbating an environmental crisis. Nigeria begins amnesty for niger delta militants world. Select multiple pdf files and merge them in seconds. It is the result of hundreds of hours of work by more than 3,500 amnesty international supporters and activists, based in 142 different countries. Royal dutch shell plc, commonly known as shell, is a dutchbritish oil and gas company headquartered in the netherlands and incorporated in england. The niger delta crisis has been a major threat to both socioeconomic activities in the niger delta region of nigeria. The data analysis technique utilized in this study is content analysis of data. On june 25 2009, the amnesty for militants operating in the niger delta was announced by nigerias former president umaru musa yar adua. Since the 1960s, transnational oil corporations operating in the niger delta have. The region extends along the coast from benin river on the west to.
Each militant was promised a payment of sixty five thousand naira n65,000 only monthly, payment of rent and vocational training. The study seeks to capture the impact and challenges of the six year old amnesty programme in postconflict niger delta region. Petroleum, pollution and poverty in the niger delta to m. The most current issue that resonates in the niger delta discourse is the amnesty programme.
Within a span of less than 3 months they are believed to be primarily responsible for reducing nigerias oil production from a theoretical 2. The niger delta, is a densely populated region once known as the oil rivers because it was a major producer of palm oil. You can either select the files you want to merge from you computer or drop them on. This region is on the atlantic coast of nigeria where the niger river divides into numerous tributaries. Quickly merge multiple pdf files or part of them into a single one. Easily combine multiple files into one pdf document. Amnesty international launched a major campaign in 2009 to highlight the massive oil pollution in the niger delta over 50 years. Petroleum, pollution and poverty in the niger delta amnesty international june 2009 index. In 2004, asari dokubo declared an allout oil war against the nigerian state and oil companies operating in the region.
Ethnic and political unrest continued throughout the 1990s despite the return to democracy clarification needed and the election of the obasanjo. The petroleum industry decree transfers ownership of all petroleum minerals to the nigerian government. The oil spill at bodo 5, 2008 if you want to go fishing, you have to paddle for about four hours through several rivers before you. Pdf the federal governments amnesty programme in the. The niger delta avengers nda are nigerias new niger delta militancy phenomenon. Nigeria begins amnesty for niger delta militants this article is more than 10 years old rebels in oilrich region expected to hand in weapons for cash and pardon as 60day offer by government. Youths under the auspices of niger delta progressive youth forum, ndpyf, thursday, urged president muhammadu buhari, not to go on with the alleged plan of scrapping the presidential amnesty programme. Rearrange individual pages or entire files in the desired order. First, although the niger delta desperately needs additional security, any military response must be careful and measured.
Tarila marclint ebiede instability in nigerias niger delta. Amnesty in the niger delta region can be traced back to 1967, when the. This study therefore investigates the nature and character of the amnesty deal. Lessons four years on this brief examines the niger delta amnesty declared in june 2009, from the perspective of its achievements, limitations and risks. Data gathered by amnesty internationals decoders reveals the extraordinary scale of oil pollution in the niger delta, and the high frequency of spills.
Understanding the complex drivers of violent oilrelated conflict cyril obi abstract this paper explores the complex roots and dimensions of the niger delta conflict which has escalated from ethnic minority protests against the federal nigerian state. This was introduced by the late president yaradua in 2009, against a groundswell of violent conflicts in the region and threats the violence portended for the nigerian state, including reduction in revenues accruing from oil sales. This policy option should be replicated as a template in locations were political instability is a threat to economic development. Ministry of niger delta affairs, amnesty programme, jtf operations, etc. This webapp provides a simple way to merge pdf files. The amnesty program and the search for peace in the niger delta. Urhobo culture and the amnesty program in niger delta. Poor communitycompany relations in the niger delta hadrawn ve attention to the practice of corporate social responsibility csr in the region.
Negligence in the niger delta amnesty international usa. Niger delta amnesty programme 2009 the disarmed militants were moved to designated collection points and camps in six niger delta states. A cohort of 20 exmilitants from the urhobo speaking tribe within the nigerdelta region of nigeria that were enrolled in the amnesty program was used for this study. The recent federal government policy and programme on the development of the niger delta region so as to reduce or eliminate conflict and violence in the niger. Niger delta annual onflict report january to december 2017 the niger delta peace and conflict landscape has undergone significant changes since 2009 when the federal government commenced a presidential amnesty program for exmilitants in the region. Amnesty and new violence in the niger delta forbes. Wartopeace transition the process of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of former combatants plays a critical role in transitions from war to peace knight, 2004. Okonofua1,2 abstract the armed conflict between militias and government forces in nigerias niger delta region has spanned for more than two decades, defying all solutions. What obtained in the niger delta core states of delta, bayelsa and rivers aptly captured the hobbesians of nature a state, where man is an enemy unto man. Maakt het mogelijk om pdfbestanden samen te voegen met een simpele draganddrop interface.
Choose from a variety of file types multiple pdf files, microsoft word documents, microsoft excel spreadsheets, microsoft powerpoint. Latest niger delta news and niger delta amnesty news. This work examines the governments amnesty programme and other strategies adopted in the niger delta since 1958 as a conflict management mechanism to tackle the conflict in the region and how to sustain the amnesty induced peace. Amnesty activists uncover serious negligence by oil giants shell and eni. In the 2019 forbes global 2000, shell was ranked as the ninthlargest company in the world and the. In 1993 shell withdrew from ogoniland in the face of local. In other words, the amnesty program is a developmental initiative that was created and aimed at ameliorating the root causes of the niger delta crisis. It is one of the oil and gas supermajors and the thirdlargest company in the world measured by 2018 revenues and the largest based in europe. The combine effect of both decrees limits the rights of. Niger delta youths urge buhari not to scrap amnesty programme. Crisis in the niger delta 2 amnesty the one concrete action the federal government has taken is to introduce an amnesty for militants who turn in their weapons and commit to abandoning violence.
How to merge pdfs and combine pdf files adobe acrobat dc. Those hopes havent been realized, and the fragile peace is. They have issued challenges to the nigerian government, international oil companies, and the military. It claimed that shells oil spills and environmental damage in the delta had deprived hundreds of thousands of people of the ability to grow food, drink clean water, and enjoy health and an acceptable standard of. Criminal activity by local people, including sabotage, theft and illegal refining of oil, have become increasingly serious problems in the niger delta, and contribute to.
As part of a larger project titled amnesty for peace in the niger delta region of nigeria indepth interviews with youths, leaders, community members, elders and relatives of exmilitants were carried out. He was arrested in 2005 and charged with treason kuku, 2012. How to combine files into a pdf adobe acrobat dc tutorials. Keywords niger delta, amnesty program, ddr, conflict, criminology. An amnesty for armed militants in the oilrich niger delta led several thousand men, including top militant commanders, to surrender weapons to the government. Expectations and the administrative systems, niger delta david ogula apollos university, huntington beach, ca, usa.
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